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This involves reinterpreting the rationale of our substance concepts.
Our substance concepts were, often at least, tracking real essences in the world.
Given that there are substance concepts, if those concepts are instantiated, then there are substances in reality.
Second, he doubted whether the objects picked out by our actual substance concepts really shared a real essence in the way we assume that they do.
Cat, table, human being, are substance concepts by the above accounts, and there are cats, tables and humans, so there are substances in reality as well as properties.
That there is a difference between substance concepts and property concepts has definitely been shown, but does it follow that there are, in reality two different kinds of thing, namely properties and substances?
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The book presents the last 2500 years of philosophy as a long battle against the pernicious substance concept.
The extension of a substance concept, she tells us, is what substance it was selected to recognize.
Another substance concept from roughly the same period is phlogiston, which served as the basis for 18th century theories of processes that came to be called oxidation and reduction.
This objection assumes a purely psychological criterion of identity, however, one in which, further, "person" is what's known as a substance concept, a term designating a kind to which an individual always and essentially belongs throughout its existence.
As we have seen, reduction has been conceived of as a relation that primarily holds between theories, properties, substances, concepts, or events.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com