Therefore, intervention strategies should consider the incorporation of novel and hybrid ecosystems (i.e. naturalized exotic species) into a restoration plan for ecological, cultural, historical, and subsistence values.
By doing so, we point to the need to move beyond single-year data collection to comparable temporal points and panel data as well as the importance of accounting for a) subsistence use values, b) commercial use values, and c) ecological forest contributions in poverty alleviation policies.
No longer restricted to growing low-value subsistence crops, the Inga alley cropping system, allows the farmers to begin growing high-value cash crops, such as organic peppercorn and vanilla pods, a situation that rapidly improves their food security and can ultimately lift these farmers and their communities out of poverty.
For example, there is research suggesting that cognition can be affected by methods of subsistence or social values.
Second, they greatly restricted the commercial use of wildlife, rendering wildlife valueless except for low-value subsistence uses.
The case illustrates both how refugees struggle to recover their livelihoods in contexts of forced displacement and sedentarization in refugee camps and how this struggle is informed by pre-exile modes of subsistence and cultural values.
The wage of the proportion of women who were unemployed (subsistence farmers) was valued at Uganda's gross domestic product per capita at the official exchange rate which was $474 in 2009 [ 2].
Off-farm households earned the bulk of their income (including imputed value of subsistence income) from salaries, livestock products, firewood/charcoal and crops, totaling to an average of KShs 76,000 per year (USD 778).
As refugees' worldviews, beliefs, values, cognition (including knowledge) and social relations are strongly rooted in their pre-exile worlds, their recovery strategies are informed by pre-exile modes of subsistence, social relations, cultural values and adaptive strategies.
The film is about how ancient values of subsistence, closeness to nature, and community defeat the rapacious forces of the oil industry.
