These populations are from diverse linguistic and subsistence system affiliations, and have extensively escaped the influence of the Bantu migration, which contributed greatly to homogenize the population diversity in the bulk of sub-Saharan Africa below the Belt (Gurdasani et al. 2015; Silva et al. 2015).
From the mid-Holocene, land use has both diversified and increased exponentially, this has been associated with the arrival of new subsistence systems, crops, migrants and technologies, all giving rise to a sequence of significant phases of land-cover change.
TAN levels of integrated ponds were higher than commercial and subsistence systems.
TAN in the integrated culture system was significantly higher than in commercial and subsistence systems.
TAN of the integrated system was significantly higher than in commercial and subsistence systems (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05).
The degree of DO stratification varied significantly among culture systems: integrated culture systems showed the greatest DO stratification, and subsistence systems the least (Fig. 6).
In particular, the development of agricultural subsistence systems triggered profound changes in diet and human exposure to xenobiotic compounds, bringing about a new selective regime affecting several metabolic pathways [15].
In this paper I propose that one specific kind of infield agriculture – multigenerational household-managed, houselot-based subsistence systems – affected settlement patterns in three northern Maya lowland cities: Cobá, Mayapán, and Chunchucmil.
The first exaggerates the role of megamammals in past subsistence systems.
These are reflected in fluctuating demographic patterns, changes in desert subsistence systems, changing patterns of trade relations, shifting settlement systems (including movement of the border between desert and sown), and evolving material culture systems.
