Now that foreign investment in the developing world has slowed to a trickle, trade has shrunk, commodity prices have fallen, and remittances sent home by immigrants in richer countries are declining sharply, Watkins asked how poor and middle-income countries could avoid a drastic fall in already meager or subsistence living standards.
Estates were exploited by subsistence tenants on a standard medieval pattern.
His legacy is a broken country where subsistence, not living, is the standard by which scores of millions are measured even today.
The three disc edition is the standard release of Subsistence in Europe to make up for the title's lengthy delay.
Although the Gambia is one of the world's poorest countries, and most of its population live at subsistence level, it is by African standards a relatively expensive destination.
I think that once people's standard of living is above subsistence levels, it is usually the subjective quality of the experience that really matters.
Now China has grown fast and has risen above the level of subsistence, but far from reaching the living standard of Americans.
For some countries, such as Afghanistan and Nigeria, which are only just above subsistence levels, such a fall in living standards could be catastrophic.So it is no good saying "let them eat cake": there are strong welfare arguments for helping those who stand to lose.
But the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards found the claims also covered travel, subsistence, hospitality and the purchase of books and other publications and were broad estimates of what the MP judged he had spent, rather than receipted items.
As more than three quarter of the study participants and their partners were subsistence farmers, not employed, not earning an income, living standards and available assets in the household were used as a proxy for the socio-economic status.
