The poor rely more heavily on subsistence products such as wood fuels and wild foods, and on products harvested from natural areas other than forests.
These mixtures can also improve economic return through greater individual-tree growth rates and provision of multiple commercial or subsistence products.
The first two categories are compatible with von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, saying that harvesters are willing to travel longer for high value products [12] low value subsistence products are extracted in proximity to population centres, whereas higher value commercial products can be harvested in remote forest areas.
Forests support the livelihoods of a vast number of people through subsistence use of products, such as food, fodder, and medicinal plants; cash income obtained from sale of products; and more indirect ecological benefits such as the contributions of forests and trees to agricultural productivity.
Most of the 700,000 goats in the region are managed extensively, sometimes complemented with subsistence crop by-products.
The accuracy of food balance sheets has been questioned, especially for developing nations with a relatively high reliance on subsistence farming whose products rarely enter the marketplace and are therefore are difficult to account [8], [18].
This herd composition is typical of pastoralists who bias herds towards reproductive animals for herd growth and milk production (subsistence and sale), although the customer base for milk products is limited in KGR.
This relates to i) varying abundance of individual resources across the landscape, and ii) differences in harvest purpose (subsistence versus sale) and product type (low-value/low-return versus high-value/high return).
Chiltepín production in Mexico has been estimated to be 50 t yr−1, it is an important crop product for subsistence farmers of the central and northern regions of the country [ 7, 18- 20].
In this paper we address an important challenge faced by protected area management, namely, the design of a cost-effective incentive scheme that balances local demand for subsistence non-timber forest products against conservation interests.
