The case illustrates both how refugees struggle to recover their livelihoods in contexts of forced displacement and sedentarization in refugee camps and how this struggle is informed by pre-exile modes of subsistence and cultural values.
Increased maritime ship traffic and commercial fishing in the Arctic are bound to affect bowheads and Native (indigenous) hunting communities who depend on whales for subsistence and cultural identity.
More newsworthy are the dictators and democrats, dirty wars and peaceful elections, Arab springs and sub-Saharan non-springs, abundant mineral wealth and ossified poverty, rocket scientists and subsistence farmers, thriving cultural industries and dying manufacturers.
The very subsistence of both cultural and ecological entities is dependent upon these dynamic and cyclical systems.
Dispossessed pastoralists generally reconstitute herds only in the long term, which may be compared with the time required for refugees living in protracted situations to regain their subsistence strategies and cultural identity (Khalif and Oba [2013]; McCabe [1987]).
As refugees' worldviews, beliefs, values, cognition (including knowledge) and social relations are strongly rooted in their pre-exile worlds, their recovery strategies are informed by pre-exile modes of subsistence, social relations, cultural values and adaptive strategies.
Through interdisciplinary methods drawing on multiple years of research and workshops in two rural Hawaiʻi communities, we highlight concepts not well captured in the existing CES literature including reciprocal relationships between people and place, sense of security, traditional values, and cultural subsistence.
Deer in particular have spelled trouble for moose, the Chippewa's primary cultural subsistence species, which has plummeted 60percentt in population over the past decade.
Palms are of key importance for subsistence strategies and cultural identity among many indigenous people (e.g., Schultes 1974; Balée 1988; Gertsch et al. 2002; Byg and Balslev 2004).
These studies not only highlight the benefits of collaborative methods in addressing environmental exposures, but also underscore common challenges facing different native groups particularly when risk reduction measures are recommended that would alter subsistence diets or cultural practices.
