The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land.
The oil business -- both selling it overseas and importing gasoline from abroad (because Iran's refining capacity provides only 40 percent of its fuel needs) -- is at the heart of the subsistence of the regime of the mullahs.
"We put a subsistence twist on it because of the subsistence issues we've been facing," said Tim Andrew, Director of Natural Resources for the Bethel-based Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP).
At least 33 of the 52 marine mammal species in Canada have been subjected to heavy exploitation, including 16 species that are still harvested today, either commercially or for subsistence, or simply because of the nuisance they cause to fisheries and other human activities or infrastructures (Table S2).
In the Andapa case, rice production, and hence tavy, may serve as a form of subsistence security because the social norms dictating how rice can be used are substantially more restrictive than those for "liquid capital" (i.e., cash generated from commercial crops).
Because of subsistence lifestyles, spiritual practices, and other cultural behaviors, tribes have multiple exposures from resource use that could result in disproportionate environmental impacts (U.S. EPA 2004).
We have not yet met the challenge of providing consumers with accessible information that includes nutritional, contaminant, ecological, and economic trade-offs associated with fish consumption choices, including guidance to consumers who vary by baseline intake, life stage, and reliance on fish intake because of subsistence needs or cultural traditions.
In fact, because many households are close to a subsistence level of consumption and financial market imperfections are deeper, liquidity effects are likely to be especially pronounced in developing countries, and hence welfare gains of social insurance higher.
The company then studied the market in Ghana and discovered that fewer people from younger generations were going into cocoa farming because the profession was not providing a subsistence level of income.
But this was subsistence farming of the hardest kind.
