To conclude, the use of a per capita yield and profit incomes analysis provides relevant, objective, and practical policy advice for the management of small-scale and subsistence fisheries where alternative livelihood options may be limited.
The local conservation group Madagasikara Voakajy also plans to work with the island's younger residents to develop alternative subsistence methods to hunting and poaching.
Increasingly, some villagers use other secondary products from agroforests such as Parkia speciosa pods, nuts, rattan, and fruits for subsistence or as alternative sources of income during periods of economic stress.
APART from better schools and alternatives to subsistence farming, the south needs better transport links.
For a young Sherpa like Nawang Gombu, who had now proved himself at high altitude, a career in expeditions was a potentially lucrative, if dangerous, alternative to subsistence farming.
Living in Rakai district, an area 125 miles from Uganda's capital city, is a challenge -- a challenge because the only gainful employment alternative is subsistence farming, yet you lack access to finance to improve your farming and lack markets.
Growing flowers is hard work, but no more so than subsistence farming, which is the alternative; and it pays better.
Changing weather and market fluctuations can quickly make an investment unprofitable.To avoid all that, farmers often retreat into subsistence growing or look for alternative livelihoods.
"Without access to education or alternative means of subsistence, many believe that it is God's wish for them to be slaves".
There seems to be little incentive for farmers to produce beyond their subsistence needs, given the lack of alternative marketing channels and price controls with inflexible procurement prices in an environment of hyperinflation.
First, such factories are willing employers of low-skill workers whose alternatives are often much worse: subsistence agriculture, for instance, or abject urban poverty.
