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Papillae occur on the subsidiary cells and overarch the stomatal pores; very few normal cells of the upper epidermis bear papillae.
Commelinid stomata generally have two subsidiary cells with the long axis parallel to the stomate (paracytic stomata), or may have an additional two short subsidiaries at each end of the stomate, perpendicular to the long axis (tetracytic).
Adaxial surface with glandular trichomes (Figure 2d); cross section ca. 870 μm thick; epidermis single-layered on both surfaces, hypodermis 2-layered; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 4-layered (Figure 2e); abaxial surface with glandular trichomes, stomata single or 2 5 clustered, helicocytic, flat, subsidiary cells 3 (Figure 2f).
Adaxial surface with conoidal cells and glandular trichomes (Figure 2g, h); Cross section ca. 490 μm thick; epidermis single-layered on both surfaces, hypodermis 1-layered; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 2-layered (Figure 2h); abaxial surface with glandular trichomes, stomata 2 4 clustered, helicocytic, flat, subsidiary cells 3 (Figure 2i).
Cross section ca. 550 μm thick; epidermis single-layered on both surfaces, hypodermis absent; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 10-layered (Figure 16A); adaxial and abaxial surfaces with glandular trichomes (Figures 16B,C); stomata complex single, helicocytic, flat, subsidiary cells 3 (Figure 16C).
Papillae are present only on subsidiary cells.
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Cross section ca. 420 μm thick, epidermis single-layered, hypodermis absent; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 5-layered (Figure 16J); both surfaces with glandular trichomes (Figures 16K,L); stomata complex single, helicocytic, nearly flat, subsidiary cell 5 (Figure 16L). 5. Begonia locii .
Cross section ca. 200 μm thick; epidermis single-layered, hypodermis absent; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 4-layered (Figure 16M); adaxial surface slightly conoidal and with multiseriate trichomes (Figure 16N), both surfaces with sparse glandular trichomes (Figures 16N,O); stomata complex single, helicocytic, slightly elevated, subsidiary cell 4 5 (Figure 16O).
Cross section ca. 390 μm thick, epidermis single-layered, hypodermis absent; palisade parenchyma cells 1-layered; spongy parenchyma cells ca. 3-layered (Figure 16G); both surfaces with sparse glandular trichomes (Figures 16H,I); stomata complex single, helicocytic, nearly flat, subsidiary cell 3 7 (Figure 16I).
We derived a subsidiary cell line, designated STF3A, by transfecting parental STF cells with a linearized pPGK + Wnt3A plasmid and a linearized blasticidin resistance plasmid for cell selection.
The rate equation for the subsidiary cell water potential is of the form of equation (1).
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