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To do so, we employ a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to consider only a subset of states (called population) in each step of the algorithm.
Using state-level, aggregate prescription data, we developed interrupted time-series analyses to evaluate the impact of implementing overall caps and brand caps in a subset of states with data available before and after cap initiation.
Schmandt and Galán recently introduced a novel stochastic shielding approximation as a fast, accurate method for generating approximate sample paths from a finite state Markov process in which only a subset of states are observable.
In [14], Schmandt and Galán introduced a stochastic shielding approximation as a fast, accurate method for generating sample paths from a finite state Markov process in which only a subset of states are observable.
4 It is also possible to estimate a structural model on a subset of the data, for example a subset of states, and use the remainder of the data to conduct a validation exercise.
However, this approach strikes us as uninformative about the question at hand – whether a particular subset of states provides a more valid set of controls for states where the minimum wage actually does increase.
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As Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for the majority: "DOMA's principal effect is to identify a subset of state-sanctioned marriages and make them unequal".
Many applications explicitly come with such structure; any classical planning task can be viewed in this way by selecting the center as a subset of state variables separating connected leaf components.
In this paper, we address the robust minimal controllability problem, where the goal is, given a linear time-invariant system, to determine a minimal subset of state variables to be actuated to ensure controllability under additional constraints.
In Section 2, we prove that some integrability of hitting times on a subset of state space is sufficient for the WPID (1.3).
Moreover, we model different techniques to broadcast an emergency packet in a VANET such as count-based, geographical, distance-based, and opportunistic, and thus we implement a subset of state-of-the-art protocols that implement one or more of those techniques.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com