Furthermore, these results suggest that viral fitness decreases subsequent to the development of adaptive immune pressure and/or commencement of antiviral therapy.
However, our analyses indicated that the S protein of SARS-CoV underwent a stepwise adaptive process subsequent to its spillover into the civet and human populations.
Interferon-beta is a dominant factor in shaping downstream events in the innate and adaptive immune responses subsequent to viral infections (Theofilopoulos et al., 2005).
NK cells trigger targeted attack through release of cytotoxic granules, and secrete various cytokines and chemokines to promote subsequent adaptive immune responses.
TLRs play an important role in the recognition of microbes by host sentinel cells that contribute to subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses [ 39].
The development of NK and NKT cell response was correlated to initial viral containment and to the subsequent induction of adaptive immune responses [5].
In order to establish the most effective correspondence to prepare for subsequent adaptive illumination, 4 kinds of grating patterns, including sinusoidal, rectangular, triangular, and dual-frequency sinusoidal grating patterns, were projected and compared.
In addition, several studies have shown that NK cells are potentially able to influence the subsequent adaptive immune response by lysing immature DCs [ 74, 75] or developing T cells [ 77].
However in some cases M. tuberculosis is able to manipulate both the innate, and the subsequent adaptive immune response, to establish an infection that may persist for a lifetime.
Because a robust innate immune response potentiates a subsequent heightened adaptive immune response, zebrafish embryos provide an opportunity to study the initial infection events to which the innate immune system responds, independently of adaptive immunity.
Type I IFN induced by Adv immunization has been shown to have an important role in the subsequent systemic adaptive immunity.
