The PHA-skin test, involving subcutaneous injection of a mitogen (phytohemagglutinin, PHA) and measurement of subsequent swelling as a surrogate of T-cell mediated immunocompetence, has been the test of choice due to its practicality and ease of use in the field.
Furthermore, BGL at ICU admission, a surrogate of subsequent glucose control [ 17], is lower.
Although traditional short-term outcomes, such as hospital mortality, remain extremely important, they are unlikely to be adequate surrogates for subsequent patient-centred outcomes.
Interventional studies with an attempt to decrease AP serum levels along with inflammation and calcification surrogates and subsequent analysis of outcome should be implemented following the associations which others and we have found in the recent study.
Morrissey's solo career started promisingly with 1988's Viva Hate (on which guitar virtuoso Vini Reilly proved a capable Marr surrogate); however, on subsequent singles and Kill Uncle (1991), Morrissey, backed by an undistinguished rockabilly band, dwindled into tuneless self-parody.
To report a case of late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in a woman with lupus nephritis undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization (IVF) with subsequent transfer into a gestational surrogate.
Since the peak of hepatic injury occurred after 24 h, this time point was chosen as surrogate endpoint in subsequent experiments.
All together, these data suggest that intratumoral CD56+ cells might be a surrogate marker of subsequent recruitment.
In type 2 diabetes, it is the hallmark of subsequent diabetic nephropathy and a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease and increased cardiovascular mortality (8).
Although we are cautious about drawing conclusions about the frequency of copy number variation based solely on melanin as a surrogate indicator, our subsequent qPCR and CGH analyses revealed multiple chromosome changes in variants after passage in mice.
Our approach to this problem has been to give the chemotherapy before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) to use the response in the primary tumor as a surrogate marker of subsequent survival benefit [ 2].
