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It is possible that we may see some non-PCV13 serotypes increase and others may emerge due to the selection pressure, although it is difficult to predict the extent of subsequent carriage and invasive disease replacement by such serotypes.
For example, intranasal application of live, attenuated S. pneumoniae mediates a potent, serotype-independent mucosal and systemic immune response that attenuates subsequent carriage in the nasopharynx and protects against invasive challenge (Roche et al, 2007) (Cohen et al, 2012).
We could have increased the number of carriage episodes included in our analysis by looking at all carriage episodes of each serotype rather than restricting our investigation to each infant's first-ever carriage episodes, but this would have introduced other confounding factors, such as the impact of previous carriage and immune factors on subsequent carriage episode duration.
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A subsequent horse carriage tour around town will let you sit back and learn more about the workings of the place.
The proportion of patients developing gametocytaemia (P = 0.002, weighted by site) and the subsequent gametocyte carriage rates were higher with DP (11/1000 person gametocyte week, PGW) than MAS3 (6/1000 PGW, P = 0.001, weighted by site).
To explore the possibility that antibodies detected in the day 7 plasma of children carrying gametocytes may have affected gametocyte survival in those hosts, we examined subsequent gametocyte carriage in children with and without plasma antibodies to GSA.
The increased understanding of bacterial factors that maintain the colonization state can open new therapeutic options to control nasal carriage and subsequent infections.
A better understanding of the bacterial factors maintaining the colonization state can be important for controlling nasal carriage and subsequent infections.
Such priming can prevent nasopharyngeal carriage upon subsequent exposure.
Prospective randomised trials are needed to assess whether increase in circulating vitamin D concentration can effectively decrease the risk of S. aureus carriage and subsequent infection.
Based on our findings, we suggest that vitamin D can upregulate the antibacterial immune response and thereby prevent S. aureus colonization and carriage, and subsequent disease.
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