The meta-analysis identified two variables that significantly predicted relative cortisol levels: subordinates exhibited higher relative cortisol levels when they (1) were subjected to higher rates of stressors, and (2) experienced decreased opportunities for social (including close kin) support.
However, among socially housed monkeys this female 'protection' extends only to animals dominant within their social group; subordinate females exhibit a 'precocious acceleration' of atherosclerosis and are equivalent to males in coronary artery atherosclerosis extent.
However in males with "normal" eyespot color, dominant males had reduced serotonergic activity in CA3 and raphé, while subordinate males exhibited elevated CA3 dopaminergic activity.
Conversely, subordinate animals exhibited higher levels of NGF compared with dominant animals in these neurogenic regions.
In this setting, the subordinate subjects with low D2R availability exhibit significantly greater cocaine seeking than the dominant subjects with high D2R availability.
In contrast, when the dominant was the observer, it significantly decreased its interest in its subordinate companion after it received formalin and started to exhibit the typical behavioral pain response (status×time: F 1, 15) = 6.973; p<0.05).
Furthermore, when the dominance hierarchy is experimentally disrupted, then all the baboons (including the former dominants) exhibit the sub-optimal stress reactivity patterns of subordinates.
Depending on the social environment, tilapia males can exhibit two distinct behavioral phenotypes: dominants (DOM) and subordinate (SUB).
Compared to Damaraland mole-rats, naked mole-rats exhibit larger colony size and a greater degree of reproductive suppression of subordinates [13], [36].
We further hypothesized that cultivars would exhibit higher ANPP than the local ecotype grasses and negatively impact the ANPP of subordinate species relative to the local ecotype grass source.
Cotton-top tamarins exhibit prosocial behavior that benefits other members of the group, and are well known for engaging in cooperative breeding whereby the group's subordinate adults help in rearing the offspring of the dominant pair.
