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Because both priming conditions contained items of both dominant and subordinate stress, there was no dominant pattern at the list level, in contrast to the earlier experiments, in which each list included prime stimuli with a homogeneous stress pattern (i.e., dominant stress for nonwords; subordinate stress for words).
This was somewhat modulated by the dominant metrical frame and by the consistency of sublexical cues: "regularization" errors, in which the dominant stress pattern was incorrectly applied, were more frequent than "irregularization" errors (in which the subordinate stress pattern was incorrectly applied).
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In subordinate (chronically stressed) rats, serotonin receptor binding throughout the entire hippocampus was decreased [ 81].
The current study indicates that UV damage is probably subordinate to oxidative stress regarding the effects of TTP treatment, at least under the investigated conditions.
Our findings suggest that for subordinate individuals, the stress of low rank may progressively impair the capacity of multiple physiological systems to dynamically adjust to environmental pressures resulting in a failure to maintain healthy functioning (Seeman, Epel, Gruenewald, Karlamangla, & McEwen, 2010).
Social subordination in macaques is a natural stressor that produces distinct stress-related phenotypes and chronically stressed subordinate subjects [ 40].
Finally, treatment with imipramine of the stressed subordinate mice in the sensory contact model resulted in a reversal of the stress-induced increase in CREB activity to control levels, and also CREB phosphorylation was normalized.
Thus, body size is clearly of subordinate importance for temperature stress resistance in B. anynana, challenging the common notion of a positive association between stress resistance and body size.
Chronically high plasmatic levels of the corticosteroid hormone cortisol were repeatedly observed in socially defeated animals [10] and constitute evidence of chronic stress in subordinate fish [15]; this chronic stress could be related to many of the adverse physiological consequences of social subordination.
Whereas the previous example in primates demonstrates a situation in which more energy consumed results in greater adiposity in subordinate females, the social stress associated with group housing of male rats has complex effects on body weight and body composition that depend on the hierarchical status of the rat within the group.
To study whether the number of subordinates plays a role in first-line managers' and subordinates' ratings of empowerment, stress symptoms, and leadership management performance.
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