Indeed, whether in business or politics, the majority of leaders have very negative effects on their followers and subordinates: causing low levels of engagement, trust, and productivity, and high levels of burnout and stress.
"She's always been able to reach across the aisle, and that has made her very effective". The naming of Tamminen's two subordinates caused concern among some environmentalists.
But it was also a young Palestinian opposition to traditional Palestinian leadership and Arab regimes' attempts to subordinate Palestinian cause and grievances to their own uses.
In 1964, integration of the navy with the air force and army did away with the separate service staffs, and unification in 1968 saw the controversial transition of the RCN into a subordinate Maritime Command, causing a number of admirals to resign in protest.
He used the technique on subordinates who caused him problems and on American officials who might ask him unwelcome questions.
The first major battle, at Mechanicsville, was poorly coordinated by Lee and his subordinates and caused heavy casualties for little tactical gain.
"The humanitarian issues that concern us are subordinate to the cause of the parties to the conflict," one senior figure says carefully.
Psychologists who study obedience say subordinate status itself causes people to defer to a supervisor's judgment, especially in well-defined hierarchies.
Party co-founder Huey P. Newton "advocated subordinating the black cause to a larger socialist cause," Rojas writes, and admired the mix of nationalism and socialism that he saw in Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam and Castro's Cuba.
When it might cause subordinates to think less of you? "We all have automatic thoughts when we feel anxious: 'I'm going to get fired, I'm going to look like an idiot,' " she said.
