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Some military regimes, for example, have permitted elections to national and subnational representative bodies.
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Inadequate sample size and a sampling design that was not representative at subnational areas prohibited the development of different models for different subnational areas.
Subnational level data that were not representative of the entire country were excluded from the analysis.
In addition, studies were different in their populations of interest, and some of them used data sources with subnational samples, regarding them as equally representative of national populations.
For example, maps of subnational administrative features included an undefined and incomplete data set of roads.
Central governments very often want to retain power so that decentralization actually boils down to a simple deconcentration, i.e., responsibilities over taxes and public expenditures are actually transferred to a representative of the central government at the subnational level and not to locally elected officials (Dafflon and Madiès 2011).
There are also subnational reports available for some places, for example Italy in 2012-13.
Representativeness (national with or without probability sampling, subnational) were included as a survey-level covariate.
Subnational units may also have international representation by, for example, establishing foreign trade or cultural liaison offices.
Austria is an example of a federal state, and comprises nine subnational provinces.
A technical meeting was held in Nairobi, 24 25 March 2014 for modelling groups, UNAIDS representatives, the Health Policy Project and members from national programme teams to discuss the use for subnational estimates of HIV epidemiology and review seven suggested methods to produce subnational estimates from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) and/or antenatal clinics data.
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