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Quantitative RT PCR showed increased expression of sucrose synthase 1 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1 after 2 days complete submergence with significantly higher levels in 'TL3' compared to 'FR13A'FR13A
Results suggest that energy loss depends to a large degree on the combination of the relative depth, wave steepness, relative thickness, relative length and relative submergence, with the last being the most important, as it significantly affects the wave-plate interaction.
In contrast to the SUB1A-mediated tolerance, deepwater rice responds to submergence with rapid GA-induced elongation growth, so that plants reach the water surface for access to light and oxygen (Fukao et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2006; Bailey-Serres and Voesenek, 2008; Singh et al., 2010).
Cultivars with SUB1 (e.g. Swarna-Sub1, IR64-Sub1, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1) tolerate complete submergence for over 2 weeks, depending on floodwatolerateitions (Das et al. [2009]); whereas some other completesubmergencehstand 3 weeks oforoverete submergence with greater variations in plant height and elongation ability under submergence (Table 1).
Metabolic depression should enable long periods of submergence with a purely aerobic metabolism.
SUB1 can provide protection against up to 2 weeks of complete submergence, with considerable yield benefits (Mackill et al. 2012; Ismail et al. 2013).
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We also present a new set of experimental data on regular waves interacting with a submerged thin plate with different submergences, with the aim of removing the influences of multiple reflections between the wave-maker and submerged structures in a wave flume.
The successful combination of submergence tolerance with other traits is likely to involve recognition of landraces with trait attributes that are unraveled at the genetic and molecular levels before their return to the farmer's field in improved varieties.
The introgression of SUB1 QTL in several mega varieties successfully improved submergence tolerance with a yield advantage of 2 3.5 t ha−1 in farmers' fields (Singh et al. 2009).
Data on chlorophyll, Fv/Fm ratio, ETo/CS and PI were taken after 14 days of submergence along with corresponding control plants.
Paddy field rice is generally tolerant to waterlogging and partial submergence compared with other economic crops such as maize and soybean.
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