Although a study of seven terrestrial wetland species established the formation of a thinner cuticle as a common response when submerged, and demonstrated enhanced underwater gas exchange, the degree of this response was not correlated with submergence tolerance among these species (Mommer et al. 2007).
Air-breathing insects can prolong the period of submergence by trapping air among their surface hairs.
Furthermore, the fact that significant variations in traits related to submergence tolerance were observed among the individual progeny of IR57514/Kao Dawk Mali 105 (Jantaboon et al. 2011) is also consistent with our findings, indicating the quantitative nature of such traits.
C, non-submerged control; 14 d, 14 days submergence; 20 d, 20 days submergence.
Notable among these were notions of continental submergence by seas (proposed by Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, about 1750), which had implications of relative sea-level changes and sedimentary leveling of submerged areas.
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In contrast, among the 132 TF genes differentially expressed under submergence stress, 44 were up-regulated and 88 were down-regulated.
If correct, this land bridge may have served as a 'dispersal corridor' [ 9, 10], allowing intermittent migration of most WTD forest-restricted plant species from the Asian mainland into Japan (or vice versa), and/or periodic secondary contact and gene flow among formerly isolated populations, possibly up until the last shelf submergence (c. 16,000 7,000 yr BP; [ 11]).
However, among the 790 genes commonly regulated by both high salinity and submergence stresses, most (78.2%) exhibited opposite responses (473 up-regulated under high salinity but down-regulated under submergence stress and 145 down-regulated under high salinity but up-regulated under submergence stress).
In addition, several vicariance, dispersal, and vicariance + dispersal events detected using RASP (Fig. 3) revealed geographic isolation among populations/taxa during the Pleistocene, likely as a result of the landbridge submergence [ 38, 40, 41].
