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These structures are designed to encourage the growth of a nitrifying bacterial bio-film on a submerged surface.
Experimental results of heat transfer between a submerged surface and a fluidised bed are presented in this article.
The industrial production is performed using carbohydrates or agro-industrial residues as substrates by three different types of processes: submerged, surface, and solid fermentations.
A model for the particle convection heat transfer component of the overall heat transfer between a submerged surface and a bubbling fluidized bed is presented.
A recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) treating tilapia production wastewaters used a two-step process combining a simple clarifier and a submerged surface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands for suspended solids removal and removal of nitrogenous compounds.
Marine biofouling is the buildup of marine organisms on a submerged surface, and it's a very big problem.
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Bryozoans readily colonize submerged surfaces, including the hulls of ships and the insides of water pipes.
We report here recent observations on the uptake of uranium, plutonium and polonium in coastal waters by organisms and submerged surfaces as traced by their isotopes.
Mudflat, shoreline, and periodically submerged surfaces coincide on the same bedding plane as evidenced by mud cracks, ripple marks (current, symmetrical, wind-driven, interference, and wave-formed), erosive mega-ripples, load and flute casts, rill and tool marks of various sizes, raindrop impressions, and invertebrate and vertebrate ichnites.
At the same time it was noted that laboratory isolates of B. subtilis had lost the capability to form rugose biofilms (Branda et al. 2001) but retained the capacity to develop submerged surface-adhered biofilms (Hamon and Lazazzera 2001).
While the buoy-type WECs, which are also known as Point Absorber (PA) WECs, utilize fully submerged (below surface) absorber (e.g. the Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS) based [7]) or floating (on the surface) absorber [8 10] to capture the wave energy.
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