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However, they are also subject to problems of validity, since they are easily influenced by the desires of those who wish to appear disabled.
Ecological studies are subject to problems of correlations between aggregated disease rates and aggregated measures of exposure which do not arise with studies which use individual data on disease, exposures and other risk factors.
In addition, the standard errors must be corrected using a Prais-Winsten estimation, as otherwise the models are subject to problems of specification.
Because BadiRate BD-GR-ML and BadiRate L-GR-ML are likelihood-based and, therefore, subject to problems of entrapment at local optima, we ran 100 replicas using different starting seeds (-start_val 1 option, seeds provided by a random number generator).
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Preload responsiveness parameters are not without their limitations: they require constant tidal volumes of around 7 to 8 ml/kg and sinus rhythm; they are subject to problems with damping of the arterial trace; and up until now they had limited validation in terms of improved clinical outcome.
Crews of spacecraft are subject to the problems of weightlessness.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Crews of spacecraft are subject to the problems of weightlessness.
Although highly active against most strains of C. difficile, rifaximin is subject to the problems of other rifamycins, whereby a critical amino acid substitution in the β-subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase leads to high-level resistance [ 18, 19].
Classification based on promoter methylation profiling may well be a more promising approach than expression profiling since these DNA-based techniques are not subject to the problems of tissue preservation and the potential pitfalls of tissue heterogeneity.
An important limitation of this study is that the associations reported here are based upon cross-sectional data and are subject to the problems of 1) not being able to discern the direction of causation, 2) potential unadjusted individual level confounders, and 3) ignoring participants' earlier life influences that may have impacted the risk of adverse CVD outcomes.
This approach however conflicts with our design goal of a decentralized solution and would be subject to performance problems of such anonymity systems [51].
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