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And our legal system regularly asks jurors with no background in a particular subject to decide difficult cases.
Accordingly, one might argue that the trade-off should slide the other way – toward looser informational obligations and a more permissive approach to allowing the data subject to decide what happens to their data.
But there is no way, in a sequence of observations, one per subject, to decide whether these differences are true or error.
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However, when the problems were presented in a form that required the subjects to decide whether people were being treated fairly or not, they found them really easy.
They instructed the subjects to decide spontaneously whether to press a button on the right or one on the left.
At its core idea is that justified authorities help their subjects do what they already have good reason to do; it does not apply when it is more important for the subjects to decide for themselves than to decide correctly.
After the encoding, we tested subjects' memory by presenting pairs of objects on the screen and asking subjects to decide if the pair was in its originally relative relations.
After the study phase, we tested subjects' memory by presenting pairs of objects on the center of the screen and asking subjects to decide if the relative location between the pair was the same as in the study phase.
The exemestane evaluation required 47 subjects to decide whether P was ⩽20% or ⩾40%.
The AN evaluation required 93 subjects to decide whether the proportion of patients with a clinical benefit (P) was ⩽50% or ⩾65%.
Experimental support for such a facilitation has come from a study by Vecera and Farah (1997), who asked subjects to decide whether two markers were on the same or on different letters, a task that requires the grouping of contour elements of the same letter.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com