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Parameterized states-of-affairs can be restricted by other parameterized state-of-affairs, as in (10), where the subject role for the property of taking a shower is restricted to individuals who are singing: Properties and relations can be produced from parameterized states-of-affairs by absorbing parameters: Parameter absorption is the situation theory analogue of λ-abstraction.
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If the speculation holds, there might be an implicational hierarchy of subject roles for EPs: Stimulus prominent > Affector prominent > Experiencer prominent (if the leftmost, then all to the right).
It provides a grammatical means for shifting the subject role from Experiencer to Stimulus while maintaining a semantic link using the same verb.
On the surface, a four-way distinction is observed for subject role (Experiencer vs. Stimulus) and argument realization (transitive vs. intransitive) in Levin (1993).
While verbs may lexically select either Experiencer or Stimulus as its default subject role, there are grammatical-derivational means for verbs of either type, to switch to the opposite type, as exemplified below (ibid.: 98 6: (6) Switch of subject with grammatical-derivational means .
The first type of dual-headed polysemy involves a completely identical form for coding different subject roles.
For each subject, the active role is the one that the subject is currently using [ 3]: (1) AR s : subject = the active role for subject s.
It is safe to assume, that a service provider needs to verify a subject's roles for authorization purposes.
Each subject may be authorized to perform one or more roles: (2) RA s : subject = authorized roles for subject s.
We previously showed a strong association between BMI and rate of insulin absorption in healthy subjects, arguing a role for greater subcutaneous tissue thickness (13).
Consequently, the subject plays a crucial role for the analysis of the modal as an epistemic, true deontic (performative), or a circumstantial modal.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com