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Substudies can be designed to exploit obtainable information for modeling study subject exposures (Jerrett et al. 2005).
Using these, we then computed individual subject exposures for the same exposure windows as described above for the monitor-based approaches.
Many other studies have also assessed respiratory and allergic health effects of endotoxin using only house dust samples as a surrogate of subject exposures to airborne endotoxin, often with only one measurement.
Furthermore, exposure assessment in environmental epidemiological studies, as opposed to the highly controlled human experimental studies, can only be observational and as such is imperfect in assessing true subject exposures especially in cases where central pollution monitoring station data is used.
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This new system precludes the need for monodisperse aerosol series to simulate polydisperse aerosol data, thus substantially reducing both study length and subject exposure.
Subject exposure history questionnaires and urine cotinine levels were used to estimate cigarette smoke exposure.
Human panel studies can examine effects of PM2.5 species with more accurate subject exposure.
NHANES is an ongoing cross-sectional study designed to measure subject exposure to various environmental chemicals, dietary intake patterns, and various health outcomes [ 69].
Evidence from both toxicological and human panel studies with accurate subject exposure consistently has linked BC with adverse cardio-vascular health outcomes (Grahame and Schlesinger 2010).
Misclassification of subject exposure levels would tend to bias our results toward a null association and would thus not appear to explain the observed positive associations.
Further, subject exposure measures must be reasonably accurate; associations found with accurate exposure may not be found when central monitor concentrations are proxies for exposure across a metropolitan area (Suh and Zanobetti 2010).
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