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This situation enables subfunctionalization, a process during which each of the gene copies maintains only a complementary portion of the original functions, resulting in subdivision of functions, a decrease of pleiotropy, and potentially also in the modularization of gene effects.
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For this reason, several authors independently proposed that subdivision of ancestral functions of the progenitor gene into daughter genes, or subfunctionalization, may be more important for the functional divergence and retention of duplicate genes (Hughes 1994; Force et al. 1999; Stoltzfus 1999).
As such, subdivision of gene function across duplicates may manifest as differential expression patterns across multiple genotypes or as differential expression patterns within a single genotype.
Additional possible fates of the duplicated genes were also proposed, including maintenance of the ancestral function by both copies (redundancy) and subdivision of the ancestral function between copies (subfunctionalization and subneofunctionalization) [ 21- 25].
The MFR scheme can be viewed as an improvement and extension of previous results named largest membership function (LMF) scheme concerned with piece-wise quadratic Lyapunov function (PQLF) approach, since it provides a denser subdivision of normalized membership function space and therefore essentially yields less conservative results.
To do this, the useful ranking information of the normalized fuzzy weighting functions is utilized in order to give a denser subdivision of the normalized fuzzy weighting function space and therefore essentially yields the proposed ranking-based switching mechanism.
In an order r jet subdivision scheme, rth order Taylor expansions, or r-jets, of functions are the essential objects being generated in a coarse-to-fine fashion.
In particular, the expression of these proteins in different stages of the parasite life cycle advocates for a greater subdivision of these families and their specific functions.
The land regulation, in urban plans, is usually realized by organizing urban space through the placing on it of grids (geometric subdivision of space) or the assignment of localized functions.
Reconstruction is accomplished on a triangular subdivision of the 2D Cartesian mesh that ensures function continuity across cell boundaries in equally and unequally spaced portions of the table to C0, C1 or C2 levels.
While a metropolitan division is a subdivision of a larger metropolitan statistical area, it often functions as a distinct social and economic area within the larger region.
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