In the presence of the cell-to-cell and cell-free infection, the basic reproduction number consists of two sub-reproduction numbers through the cell-free infection, R cf, and through the cell-to-cell infection, R cc, respectively.
Using a simple meta-population model, Feng et al. (2015) showed that mixing among sub-populations, as well as heterogeneity in characteristics affecting sub-population reproduction numbers, must be considered when evaluating public health interventions to prevent or control infectious disease outbreaks.
Similar toxic results were observed in the 3-brood reproduction and sub-lethal growth tests.
Although this protein family is known for its role in innate immunity, several NLRP proteins are highly expressed in oocytes, are required for progression beyond the two-cell stage and define a sub-family of reproduction-related NLPRs that appear to have evolved rapidly in mammals (Tian et al., 2009).
From Remark 3.1, we know that the backward bifurcation gives a further sub-threshold condition beyond the reproduction number for the control of HLB, i.e., (R_{0}< R^{c}_{0}<1).
Objective: To verify the hypothesis that the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities significantly increases in the products of conception of males with sub-fertility, treated with assisted reproduction techniques (ART).
Although the evolutionary population biology of C. intestinalis is still scarce, short generation time, strong genetics and genomics, mode of reproduction, closely related sub-populations with high rates of genetic variance, and ways of retaining frozen stocks of genetic lines make this species a model with a future in evolution studies in the wild.
Because many parasitic nematodes require sperm transfer for reproduction [ 65], the sub-steps of sperm transfer are potential targets for new antehelminthics.
The genetic analyses within the populations belonging to the sub-clusters A suggested that sexual reproduction occurred with a high level of inbreeding in these populations (Table 4).
However, the difference in sound reproduction with and without the Sub is quite striking.
Despite clinical and radiologic evidence of substantial bilateral basal ganglia disruption, XG and KQ-167 perform well on a wide range of timing tasks including estimation, production, reproduction and discrimination with both sub- and supra-second stimuli.
