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For example, parental stress reactions and coping style predict PTSD in the child [ 21- 26].
Previous studies suggest that both rumination and negative cognitive style predict depressive symptoms (Alloy et al. 2000; Ciesla and Roberts 2007; Robinson and Alloy 2003) and similar patterns of findings were also obtained in this sample.
Controlling initial levels of depression, a ruminative response style predicts future depressive symptoms in response to events such as the Lomo Prieta earthquake (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) or the death of a loved one (Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994).
Study 1 (N = 326) examined the role of trait AP, worry, and rumination in predicting symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and trait anxiety and found that all three RNT styles predicted social anxiety, but only worry predicted trait anxiety and only rumination predicted depressive symptoms.
In agreement with our hypotheses, an authoritative parenting style was found to be associated with better adherence and glycemic control in the children, whereas authoritarian and permissive parenting styles predicted a poorer outcome.
Past studies of a community population in Japan revealed that a mother's child abuse, in addition to certain parenting styles, predicted adult onset of major depression, while separation from parents in childhood contributed little to onset of unipolar and bipolar disorder [ 47, 48].
