The study was prompted by a series of accidents involving college sports teams.
Mr. Malmsbury said the study was prompted by hunters and outfitters who were losing business in some areas where deer herds had remained small for several years.
Dr. Carragee, the Stanford surgeon, said his Infuse study was prompted by a complaint he received from Dr. Smoljanovic about an Infuse-related article in The Spine Journal.
His study was prompted by a recent finding that the number of phonemes in a language increases with the number of people who speak it.
The study was prompted by anecdotal reports that residents, who often work extremely long hours in training, are prone to car accidents, said the lead author, Dr. Judith A. Owens of the Brown Medical School.
Vyto Kab, co-managing director of SleepTech and a former N.F.L. tight end who played for several teams, including the Giants, said the study was prompted by his experiences.
The California study was prompted by a 1999 report from the state's Department of Developmental Services, which reported that the number of children with "full spectrum," or profound, autism had increased by 273percentto to 10,360 in 1998 from 2,778 in 1987.
According to Radek Bukowski, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Texas, who led the research, the study was prompted by previous research which showed that women who gave birth early had lower levels of folic acid in their blood.
The study was prompted in part by Vice President Al Gore's loss to Gov. George W. Bush in an election that ultimately came down to several hundred disputed ballots in Florida, whose 25 Electoral College votes went to Mr. Bush after the Supreme Court halted a recount there.
This study was prompted by the lack of literature regarding such issues.
