In June 1883, during the fifth pandemic, Koch and a team of scientists traveled first to Egypt and then to Calcutta to study outbreaks of cholera.
It wasn't long before investigators began using WGS to study outbreaks occurring within hospitals themselves.
We chose to study outbreaks rather than community cases because viral gastroenteritis is a very common infection (1 ); therefore, enumeration of epidemics (or outbreaks) may be more practical and useful since individual cases are poorly reported (31 ).
In fact, as other observational studies, outbreak reports may contribute to a better understating of infection spreading and dynamics in HCS, and provide essential information to compare different approaches for preventing new events and managing ongoing ones.
Model results have been corroborated by case-control studies, outbreak reports, time-series analysis, and risk assessments (7).
In epidemiological studies, outbreak isolates have very little diversity and require extensive genomic analysis to differentiate and classify isolates.
Many participants also said they would like the workshop to include interactive activities, such as case studies, outbreak scenarios, and table-top exercises, because as one participant said, "involvement from our own experiences is important to incorporate".
An association of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus with enteritis, colitis, and septicemia has been proposed in epidemiologic studies, outbreak reports, and case reports (7 ), although A. cryaerophilus can also be present in healthy humans (8 ).
Earlier, as a physician and epidemiologist, he studied outbreaks of typhoid among British troops in Egypt.
Additional file 1 Specifics of case-study outbreaks, supplementary methods (Radiation Model of Mobility Fluxes, Surveillance Network Topologies, and Integrated Network Resilience) and supplementary Figures.
