An exception is Dr. Fradkin's own studies of warming up before playing golf.
"The absolute minimum temperatures are 6 to 10 degrees higher now," said Dr. Steve Running, an ecologist at the University of Montana who is a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and is studying the effect of warming on Western ecosystems.
We studied the effects of warming on the start of the carbon uptake period (CUP) of three mountain grasslands situated along an elevational gradient in the Alps.
Building on a previous limited study of climate warming on three Arctic lakes (Science, 21 October 1994, 416), ecologist John Smol of Queens University, Kingston, Canada, and colleagues extracted sediment cores from 46 lakes in Canada, Finland, Norway, and Russia.
He notes that $4 million has already been earmarked over 3 years to gather satellite and ground-based data for a study of the impact of warming on Himalayan glaciers.
The study covered a period of warming in France and worldwide (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2015).
Furthermore, studies that found effects of warming treatments on biomass involved temperature manipulations of 2 3°C higher than what was achieved in this study.
But the summary also acknowledges that studies assessing the extent of warming from a given buildup of greenhouse gases now give lower odds to the highest projections.
In a logical step forward, our study addressed the combined impact of warming and contaminants on activity, predator avoidance and antipredator responses at different latitudes.
Many studies show that the amount of warming occurring during the MWP varied by season and region.
