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While Father Leon stayed shut away in his study, Father Paul always seemed to be lying in wait for Crystal when she came to clean, ready with a smile or a kind word.
There was no difference in prevalence of smoking by the study father if his own mother had smoked during pregnancy.
There is no evidence to suggest that prenatal exposure of the study mother or of the study father to cigarette smoke affected the likelihood of the study child being diagnosed with asthma.
Nor did they assess whether there was any effect discernible with the prenatal smoke exposure of the study father, or whether there was any difference between the effects depending on the sex of the offspring.
In an earlier study of non-smoking mothers, we found an increase in the birth weight and birth body mass index (BMI) of her sons if she had been exposed in utero to her own mothers' smoking, but there was no such effect if the study father had been exposed in utero.
The two pathways of possible influence of parental prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke on the study child that we will investigate in this article, concern (a) via the maternal grandmother (MGM) to the mother (M) in utero to her study fetus, and (b) via the paternal grandmother (PGM) to the study father (F) while he was in utero and thence to the study conceptus (Fig. 1).
Similar(52)
Its objective was to study "father-preneurs and work-families".
In one study, fathers whose partners were also depressed were at nearly two and a half times the normal risk for depression.
In this study, fathers also had significantly lower levels of testosterone than non-fathers.
In our study, fathers' "overprotection" and mothers' "punishing" were negative predictors.
In the study, fathers were featured badly as being negative to disability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com