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Scientists often study cooperation and punishment by having participants play one-on-one investment games in which each player chooses how much money to pony up in a joint investment, without knowing up front how much the other person will contribute.
In response to Mr. Obama's outreach, Russia has supported tougher sanctions on Iran, allowed American troops and weapons to fly through Russian territory en route to Afghanistan, renewed a commitment to disposing of unneeded plutonium and agreed to further study cooperation on a European missile defense system.
In response to Mr. Obama's outreach, Russia has supported tougher sanctions on Iran and canceled its sale of S-300 antiaircraft missiles to Iran; allowed American troops and weapons to fly through Russian territory to Afghanistan; and agreed to further study cooperation on missile defense.
To study cooperation experimentally, researchers typically use the public goods game that is played with groups of participants, each of whom owns an initial endowment.
In their study, cooperation was measured as the amount of money an individual contributed to a "public good" fund, one designed so that the entire group--even individuals who had not contributed--profited from the returns.
An in vitro three-dimensional model of reconstructed human skin epidermis has been developed to study cooperation between keratinocytes and melanocytes.
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David Quellar, who studies cooperation in slime molds at Rice University in Houston, Texas, thinks Fisher needs to first test more mice to know for sure if the two species of mice differ in sperm behavior.
Our model system for studying cooperation is the production of iron-scavenging siderophores by the opportunistic animal pathogen P. aeruginosa.
The general theoretical framework for studying cooperation of unrelated individuals is the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game [ 16], in which partners can choose either a selfish (defective) or a cooperative strategy.
As Dr. Nowak developed this neighborhood model, he realized it would help him study human cooperation.
Far from "bureaucratic bungling," this complex investigation represents a case study in cooperation between the scientific community and government agencies.
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