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Researchers frequently use a model known as "conditioned place preference" to study addiction in animals.
People have crushed them using bookends, hammers, mortars and pestles, and then snorted the powder, according to doctors who study addiction.
Representative Patrick Kennedy's car crash on Capitol Hill early Thursday and a news conference a day later had a familiar rhythm, especially for those who study addiction or know it firsthand.
It may seem obvious to combine institutes that study addiction.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) will likely merge its two institutes that study addiction.
Understanding the subtleties that underlie decision-making in rodents could help researchers who study addiction develop better models, Redish says.
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The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism should be combined with the National Institute on Drug Abuse because they both study addictions, the report says.
This answer that drug programs "don't work" for a given defendant was a common one among prosecutors, and it always infuriated me: Anybody who has ever been addicted, loved somebody with an addiction, or studied addiction knows that many people relapse multiple times before getting clean for a sustained period.
Early in his career, he, like most others studying addiction at the time, focussed on substance-abuse problems — cocaine and heroin addicts, alcoholics, and the like.
"Third-party payers," said Dr. Barbara Mason of the Scripps Research Institute, where she treats and studies addiction.
He is studying addiction counseling, and he works as an unpaid intern at a local drug treatment center.
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