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The two studies with lower odds ratios used atypical definitions of SUDs (Dunn et al. 2010; Havens et al. 2011a).
An evaluation of the quality of 22 studies was performed, and the papers were classified into two tiers: Tier I for studies with higher quality scores (eight) and Tier II for studies with lower quality scores (14).
Sensitivity analyses were conducted excluding studies with lower quality according to the quality assessment tool.
Thirdly, the inclusion of studies with lower quality scores may compromise the strength of conclusions.
The effect size was probably overstated in studies with lower quality scores.
Generally studies with lower prevalence of CMD used lower cut-offs.
Studies with lower graded evidence also showed favourable trends in outcomes of interventions for carers.
The risk of mortality was significantly higher in studies with lower baseline use of vitamin D [ 6].
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We found a variable quality in studies, with lower-quality studies tending to be older.
While evidence for such bias generally is mixed, the results for all lung cancer suggest that, where significant bias is seen, it is not in the direction of smaller studies with lower-weight RRs producing higher RRs.
The entrepreneurs in our study with lower levels of IT skills sought to develop their business by drawing on existing social networks.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com