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Exact(17)
Recruitment into non-inferiority randomised controlled studies was lower than that into step-up randomised studies (p = 0.06).
Moreover, the level of evidence for positive studies was lower than for negative studies (P =.037), with twice as many negative recommendations supported by analytic research.
Grouping of the studies with heart toxicity revealed that the percentage of positive studies was lower than other groups about Ti content, coefficient, and combined effects by different routes (Tables 6 and7).
According to Tables 3,4,5, the total percentage of positive studies was lower for studies on inflammation (25%) than for studies on other endpoints, and the group of genotoxicity had a highest percent positive result that reached 100% but based on small numbers.
The main findings remained the same even when the largest study (the Swedish Military Service Conscription Register, N = 1,025,013) which found an association in the opposite direction to most other studies for grip strength, was removed (results not shown) however the estimated level of heterogeneity between studies was lower when this study was removed with I2 reduced from 86.1% to 58.7%.
The response rate for both studies was lower than anticipated, particularly so for MANCAS2.
Similar(43)
Overall, the key outcomes of the included studies were lower limb muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and depressive symptoms.
Participation in population-based health studies is lower among individuals with alcohol problems [ 58].
Nevertheless, the point estimates in both studies are lower than those reported by other authors [ 20- 24].
The impact of intraclass correlation in before and after studies is lower than for cross sectional studies.
The highest categories of drinking-water exposure in these studies were lower than the arsenic-exposed population studies in Bangladesh and Taiwan.
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