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In these studies, trait effects such as changes in growth rate or yield and selective effects as inferred by competition assays are both referred to as 'costs of resistance'.
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The phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) in all the studies traits.
Quantitative estimates of evolutionary rates facilitate comparisons across studies, traits, taxa, and time frames [ 40].
Implications for studying trait EI in the context of higher education are discussed.
Discussion: The free exploratory behaviour test can be used as a simple and complementary test to study trait anxiety-related behaviour in rats.
More elaborate ways of studying trait function can then follow.
Here, we focus on the most commonly studied trait, the male marking secretions (MMS).
The latter feature has been undoubtedly the most extensively studied trait in infection and immunity of C. elegans (1).
Because of this, they assert, it makes little sense to study traits that vary from group to group, or society to society.
Twenty-three QTLs controlling different studied traits were identified.
Where X is the grand mean for each of the studied traits.
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