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For example, in China, empirical studies share a conclusion that discrimination is the major determinant of the earnings gap between migrants and urban workers in urban China (e.g., Lee 2012 and Wang et al. 2013; Cheng et al. 2013; Gagnon et al. 2014).
In contrast, a fixed effects meta-analysis model would assume that all studies share a common population effect (Borenstein et al. 2009), which is indeed hard to justify as our sample includes studies from different countries and time periods.4 Obviously, there might not be a single true effect underlying all studies in the sample.
In general, these studies share a common algorithmic structure, which can be summarised in four model generation steps: (1) compound standardisation, (2) descriptor calculation, (3) pre-processing, feature selection, model training and validation, and (4) bioactivity/property prediction for new molecules.
For the fixed effect approach, we assume that all included studies share a common effect size.
Where studies share a common outcome (such as depression) the measures used are often very different (including condition specific measures or measures of general health).
All these multiparental studies share a reference design, in which all lines evaluated share at least half of their genome with a common parent.
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Thus, different strands of regulation studies share an agreement on the subject of regulation (the state), the object (the behaviour of nongovernmental actors), the instruments (an authoritative set of rules), or the domain of application (e.g., the economy).
Studies shared a majority of inclusion criteria.
Although the exact shape and topology is different for the nanodot arrays applied in the current study, the results from both studies shared a common theme that a dot-like nanotopology with dimensions at about 100 nm reduced cytoskeletal organization.
But the previous studies shared a common problem, says Marc Baum, a chemist at the Oak Crest Institute of Science, a nonprofit research center in Baldwin Park, California: They tracked car exhaust drifting out of highway tunnels, and the researchers were concerned that ammonia could react with the walls of the tunnel or other gases and thus not show up on detectors.
These studies shared a recurrent theme in that the cells were described as antigenically and morphologically very heterogeneous.
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