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Aaron Carroll, professor of pediatrics at Indiana University School of Medicine, considered the evidence against fake sugar in the New York Times last year; he told VICE that the studies that do find correlation are case-control studies prone to "recall bias".
Moreover, undetectable population stratification (and other technical issues) makes candidate gene studies prone to spurious results.
In clinical trials AD patients are usually recruited from memory clinics, hospitals and nursing homes, which makes the studies prone to selection bias [ 6].
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The limited number of CWD made the entire study prone to type II errors.
These made the study prone to selection bias.
Among the main weaknesses, the retrospective design makes this study prone to confounding and bias.
This is a prospective and observational study, prone to bias of selection and residual confounding.
Because of the retrospective nature of the study prone to the selection bias, the results of this study should be cautiously extrapolated to other patient population.
There are some limitations in this study, such as the retrospective nature of the study prone to bias of uncertain kind and a relatively small number of patients.
First, as the authors also state, this is an observational study, prone to unmeasured and residual confounding that may have played a dominant role in eliciting these paradoxical results.
Observational studies are subject to methodological biases, with case control studies being prone to biases from participant selection and measurement of exposure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com