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Although there was little difference in background characteristics between these participants and those who did not undergo these studies, participation bias cannot be excluded.
As is the usual practice for ICMI studies, participation in the study conference will be by invitation only for the authors of submitted contributions which are accepted.
These options of hypothesis-driven research include: prospective studies, participation in a multicenter clinical trials, and assessment of advances in technology, contribution to or identification of the evidence base for clinical practice, cost-effectiveness and outcomes analysis.
For example, in some studies participation meant that a student signed up for a Twitter account (Tiernan, 2014), used the Twitter account for class (Williams & Whiting, 2016), or viewed the course-specific Twitter page (Hennessy et al., 2016).
In so doing, we developed a classification system to organize the studies into five sub-categories according to the type of methodology followed, namely: prototyping and design modelling for design orientated studies; participation, support modelling and advisory for design-support orientated studies.
In both studies, participation rates were 53 and 76%, respectively.
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Prior to study participation, participants provided written informed consent for study participation.
Participants completed study participation during one research visit.
Overall, 95 EDs participated in the study (participation rate, 78%).
Informed consent for study participation was requested from all participants' legal guardians prior to study participation.
Informed consent for study participation was obtained from all participants.
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