In numerous studies of substance abuse treatment, self-efficacy has emerged as an important predictor of outcome, or as a mediator of treatment effects.
Frontal lobe volumes are smaller in several studies of substance dependent individuals or their offspring; there is significant overlap between GWA results for frontal lobe volumes and addiction [25].
Actually the gender difference has been identified in previous studies of substance addiction.
Most recent epidemiological studies of substance use among students increasingly focus on the aspect of "academic performance enhancement" [ 19- 23].
Cross-cultural studies of substance abuse treatment have shown that involvement of the family is extremely important, and this should be emphasized in Haiti.
Our observed pattern of hyper-perfusion is not totally in agreement with the findings in several resting-state perfusion studies of substance addiction.
Generally, and in studies of substance use specifically, compliance with EMA protocols is high, particularly for time-based sampling (Shiffman 2009).
Although compliance with EMA protocols in research studies often is high, even in studies of substance use disorders (Shiffman 2009), this is sometimes accomplished by incentivizing compliance (e.g., Todd et al. 2009).
However, research on the efficacy and effectiveness of EMDR on addiction is still limited, consisting mostly of anecdotal reports or case studies of substance-related [ 23- 31] as well as behavioral addictions [ 32- 37].
The yearly death rate of approximately 2% is quite similar to other studies of substance-dependent persons [ 27- 30], and higher than in the general population in Norway in 2004 (0.9%).
A recent review of mainly short-term follow-up studies of substance-use disorder (SUD) patients found that Axis II disorders were often associated with poor psychiatric outcomes, such as suicidal behaviour, anxiety, and depression [ 25].
