The percent of visits with a missing or unspecified diagnostic code was calculated as the total number of visits without any diagnostic code or with a diagnostic code of 'V999' (unspecified), divided by the total number of visits billed by the physician during the study year, multiplied by 100.
The sample size A at each study center was the overall study sample size multiplied by the number of patients in active follow-up at the study center and divided by the number of patients in active follow-up at all 18 study centers.
Of note, using the random effects analysis, the weighted mean is defined as the sum of each study effect size multiplied by its weight (i.e., the inverse of the within-study variance plus the between-studies variance) divided by the sum of the weights.
It was observed uplift capacity is higher than the theoretical capacity, hence a modification factor is proposed based on the experimental study, which is multiplied to the theoretical equation to get the correct uplift capacity.
The challenges are multiplied for longitudinal studies as they aim to retain the same individuals across a number of waves and, after the first wave, individuals who do not respond cannot simply be replaced by substitutes with the same characteristics.
Medication possession ratios (MPRs) were calculated for inhaled antibiotics and other respiratory medicines from the medication data described above, using the number of days' supply divided by the number of days medication was prescribed in the study (from baseline until each participant completed the study at one year) and multiplied by 100 [ 8, 14, 21].
Adapted from another systematic review [ 24], the score obtained by each study was divided by 32 and multiplied by 100 to provide a "study quality percentage".
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The number of computations is further multiplied in the study of gene expression quantitative trait mapping, in which tests are performed for thousands of gene phenotypes simultaneously.
As the ultimate goal is to predict the clinical endpoint (annualized relapse rate (ARR) which was computed as the total number of confirmed relapses for all the patients divided by the total number of days on the study for all the patients, multiplied by 365.25) at exposure levels of unstudied doses, confidence in the model structure is crucial.
