Also excluded were genetic and molecular studies, development/evaluation of diagnostic techniques, vaccine studies, duplicated data, or articles written in a language other than English.
Of these, two studies duplicated data on subjects from other included studies (de Lint and Schmidt, 1970, Martin et al., 1985a).
In a previous work, we studied duplicated pseudogenic exons (i.e., ΨEs, exons disabled by frameshifts and premature termination codons) on the same four genomes of our present study [13].
In their study, duplicated genes are avoided to obtain the one-to-one correspondence in two different species.
In the present study, duplicated DG gene products were identified in additional species of fish, namely, the Acanthomorphata Cynoglossus semilaevis and Stegastes partitus.
For example, Scannell and Wolfe [ 43] studied duplicated genes resulting from the whole genome in yeast and found that duplicated genes tend to evolve much faster than single copy genes (i.e. singletons).
Case-only design, case reports, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, animal studies, or studies with duplicated data were all excluded.
When authors reported studies with duplicated data, only the study with the larger sample size was included.
Of the remaining 152 studies, duplicates between various searches were removed, leaving 98 studies.
We excluded animal studies, duplicates, summaries, commentaries, editorials, case reports, studies that conducted outside United States, and studies published before last 7 years or studies with data collection take place before last 10 years 20022).
The MGRS study enrolled economically advantaged children who had been breastfed as infants. 1 3 We strove to find studies duplicating these conditions.
