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Our finding that laser stimulation of a non-acupoint produced some brain activation suggest that there is unlikely to be a completely neutral control non-acupoint, and this should prompt a re-examination of the use of sham points (in needle acupuncture studies) as control hence minimizing the true statistical effects of any acupoint [36] [39].
Synovial joint samples from osteoarthritic joints or traumatized joints have been used in almost all previous studies as control samples.
We found 22 genes that were used in several reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) studies as control genes for normalization (Table 2, supplementary Table 2).
Similarly, it is not known if certain 'aberrant' movement characteristics exist prior to the onset of LBP and are risk factors for an episode of LBP, in which case these characteristics may have also been present in people classified in the included studies as control subjects.
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Recall bias is always a concern in case-control studies, as controls may be more motivated than cases to recall cruciferous vegetable intake.
We labeled studies as controlled trials if randomization was not explicitly stated or if we could not confirm randomization by contacting the authors (see Table 1).
Ten nulliparous, symptom-free women were studied as control subjects.
Unaffected unrelated family members (spouses or common-law spouses) were asked to participate in the study as control individuals, and an existing collection of unrelated individuals was also used as control.
A group of normal bone marrow donors (n = 15) was also studied as control.
Non-tumor bearing SKG mice were included in the study as control.
Fifty five adult healthy pastoralists were also recruited in the study as control group.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com