We studied top-down attentional effects on adaptation to two aspects of sinusoidal gratings: contrast (CTE: contrast threshold elevation for detection) and orientation (TAE: tilt aftereffect, bias in perceived orientation).
More detailed descriptions of these studies, and more examples of using TMS fMRI to study top-down effects in the visual system, are provided by Ruff (this volume).
In this study, top-down executive control is reflected by the left and right executive control networks (LECN and RECN, respectively).
It provides an opportunity to develop an environmental analog of genome-wide association studies, similarly top down and hypothesis free (Lioy and Rappaport 2011).
Other aspects of fundamental physics that will be studied include the top-down models and the behavior of the neutrino cross sections at extreme energies.
Sperber draws on both ancient knowledge and contemporary findings, from cameraobscura techniques to neurological studies of "top-down processing".
Previous studies of top-down and bottom-up effects in Oregon rocky intertidal communities suggested that, unlike sea star mussel dominated food chains, grazer-alga food chains deviated from simple food web predictions.
In terms of fabrication of ZnO MCs, less studies utilized top-down etching technique [8, 9] because it might require complex fabrication steps as well as subsequent precise patterning procedure.
Nesnas and Nun [6] in their study of top-down reflection cracking found that the linear elastic model was able to give explanation for the field observation that the reflection crack can initiate at the surface and propagate downwards.
In this study the top-down goal changed on each trial and despite this we saw an increased similarity effect which suggests that activity of neurons in the visual cortex (e.g. V4 neurons) can be biased in a highly dynamic and rapid manner from one trial to the next.
