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Representative height profiles of the studied substrates showing the gradually increasing roughness.
AFM images were taken at the end of the incubation period with K2. Figure 2 shows typical AFM topographical images (10 μm × 10 μm) of the studied substrates.
Stronger binding ability of the HnLn+ receptor for α-amino acids, Hgly and Hphen, than for the other studied substrates were found.
On the other hand, concentrations of the toxic heavy metals, cadmium and lead, in the studied substrates were too low to be detected by the analytical technique used in the study.
Previously, the studied substrates were regarded as smooth surfaces, i.e. the roughness of the substrate was sufficiently low and thus does not influence the wetting properties of the surface.
As the contact angle study was investigated without development of micromachining technology, most studied substrates were simply flat surface but treated with different chemicals such as low surface energy material like Teflon (surface energy ~ 18.5 mN/m).
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The studied substrate undergoes softening upon yielding which manifests itself as narrow bands of localized shear deformation.
In the late 1980s, glutamine has been the most extensively studied substrate in animal research, especially in rat TPN model.
a) The ar/R filter is defined by four amino acid residues: one in helix 2, one in helix 5 and two in loop E b) Protein names written in bold are MIPs with studied substrate specificities used as reference.
Kinase arrays have also been used to study substrates of single kinases, such as MAP-kinase of Arabidopsis and CK2 of barley [33] [35].
We cloned the feruloyl esterase A gene from Aspergillus awamori (AwfaeA) and engineered it to study substrate specificity and pH dependence of catalysis.
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