In addition a University should carefully consider whether to refer a student for prosecution in relation to fraud or dishonesty unless it is satisfied that the regulations have not caused confusion in the mind of a student as to the likely consequences of their actions unless the actions of the student are obviously dishonest.
Shriver began by making light of a recent incident in the US, where students faced prosecution for what was argued by some as "casual racial and ethnic stereotyping and cultural insensitivity" at a Mexican-themed party.
One dissenting opinion from the Mississippi Supreme Court said, "In asking the jury to convict Manning, an African American, of the murder of two white students, the prosecution seems to have placed great emphasis on the fact that hair samples, originating from an African American" were found in the car.
Prosecutions for student bullying are rare; perhaps the best-known case is that of Dharun Ravi, who was convicted of bias intimidation and invasion of privacy charges for using a webcam to spy on his Rutgers University roommate, Tyler Clementi, who committed suicide a few days later.
Among the individual events examined in the book were the 1968 student riots and the prosecution for obscenity of the publishers of Lady Chatterley's Lover.
But a Pennsylvania school district went too far when it referred several female students for criminal prosecution after their images showed up on other students' phones and they refused to participate in an antisexting education program.
Dr. Peter C. Agre, a professor of biological chemistry and medicine at Johns Hopkins University who shared this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry and is a former student of Dr. Butler, criticized the prosecution.
Aleksandra Lotkova, 20, a telegenic law student and a native Muscovite, is facing prosecution for shooting several attackers from a Streamer traumatic pistol that she pulled from her purse during a brawl in the Moscow subway in May.
Black students are more frequently referred for criminal prosecutions.
Current law provides for possible expulsion of armed students but no criminal prosecution unless the guns are brandished dangerously.
