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Specifically, we examined how nitrogen fertilisation, stubble management and stocking rate affect SOC and what strategies might be employed by farmers to increase SOC sequestration across eastern Australia.
To recommend a non-burning stubble management to the farmers, it is essential to study the effects of different stubble incorporation methods on the yield of subsequent crops.
There is large simulated variation to changes in SOC from stubble management under the current climate that ranges from 0 to –200 kg ha− 1 year− 1 when 100% of the wheat stubble is removed.
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B, we conducted field trials over two seasons with the following straw management practices: SRt − straw retained including stubbles and incorporated, PSRm − partial straw removal only stubbles incorporated, CSRm − complete straw removal including removal of stubbles, and SB − straw burned followed by incorporation of ash and unburned residues.
Tillage strategies included mouldboard ploughing (20 25 cm depth) and stubble cultivation (10 12 cm depth) in different combinations and timing, together with different options for straw management and catch crops.
Three seeding rates (100, 130 and 160 kg ha−1) were used as main plots and five stubble-tillage management systems (consisting of leaving wheat stubble on or mixing with the soil surface, incorporating by plowing or stubble burning) were used as split-plots.
The level of soil organic carbon (SOC) that is attained under agriculture largely depends upon rates of carbon input and its decomposition under various agronomic practises such as stubble (crop residue) management and fertiliser application.
At the field level, conservation management should strive to maintain both stubble fields and old grazed fallows.
We found that no-till management reduced total soil loss by one-third compared with stubble mulch tillage, reduced water-borne sediment loss by about the same amount, and that for both tillage systems, wind erosion was responsible for about 75% of the total soil loss.
A number of bird species such as yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) and tree sparrow (Passer montanus), prefer to forage in margins in winter and summer and many of the benefits of whole field approaches such as set-aside, overwinter stubbles and undersown cereals, could be gained from margins under the same management.
The concept of erashe (Maasai word for grass stubble) denotes both a visual measure of grass height as well as a traditional method of pasture management.
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