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Greater stem damage and higher stubble heights were observed for energycane compared to sugarcane.
We determined mean residual stubble heights (RSH) by species and compared these to published standards to determine grazing intensity (Allison et al. 2007).
At each experimental site, two factors and two levels for each factor, i.e., 30- and 60-cm row spacing and 15- and 30-cm stubble heights, were included.
Mean RSH of grasses were at or above recommended minimum stubble heights (Tables 4 and 5) except for Poa pratensis in mountain meadows in 2005 (6.2 cm (90 % CI = 4.8 7.6)) (Table 4), which was below the standard of 6.4 cm, and Bromus spp. in mountain meadows in 2006 (9.9 cm (90 % CI = 7.8 12.0) compared to a recommendation of 10.2 cm) (Table 5).
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Basilik pastures to leave an 11 cm stubble height.
Herbaceous materials within 1 m2 were then clipped at 1-cm stubble height.
Stubble height had little effects on yield and water use efficiency.
Grazing decreased herbaceous stubble height up to 80% and visual obstruction by about 70% (P < 0.05).
Cultural practices were traditional (conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and ecological (no-till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height).
If the cover was not a grass, we located the nearest grass plant to the point and recorded its species and stubble height.
In Experiment 3, treatments were fall trampled, spring trampled, Fall/Spr trampled, hand clipped to a stubble height of 4.5 cm, and an untreated control.
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