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The electronic structures of the materials were examined by normal/inverse photoemission spectroscopy and energy band calculations.
However, many other factors, such as defect density and crystallinity, can significantly alter the band structures of the materials hence influencing the coupling efficiency [6].
However, the bulk structural characterization techniques employed here do not permit further conclusions as to the surface structures of the materials.
The morphologies and structures of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy.
The results provide a new path toward higher power conversion efficiency in BHJ systems by engineering the energy structures of the materials in the active layers.
Mechanical training can adjust the internal organizational structures of the materials, reduce the stress of twin boundaries motion, and then result in larger strain at lower outfield levels.
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Establishing the required properties would then enable one to define what structures of the material would deliver those properties.
Our strategy provides a guide to rational design of micro-structures of the materials to achieve their high performance.
Our work provides a guide to rational design of micro-structures of the materials to achieve their multifunctional properties.
At a discharge rate of 5 C, the structure of the materials may be severely damaged.
To determine the parameters, characterizing the porous structure of the materials investigated, the original scattering intensity curves were analyzed.
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