Liz Noble: "I would say the positives to these programmes are no student debt, and structured training programmes and professional qualifications.
Instead, there were paid apprenticeships and structured training programmes, sometimes oppressive and stifling compared to the open-ended experiences of the luckiest or most able of today's interns, but more egalitarian: parental financial support or personal connections were much less essential for the aspiring young professional.
You get structured training and development opportunities.
This work was developmental: there were no pre-existing training routes or accreditation for such education, as highlighted by one pilot service: " Because they were such brand new roles, and the roles adapted and changed over time, difficult for us to think about supporting their development... Now we would provide a more structured, formal training programme".
Structured caregiver training programmes such as the LSCTC are unlikely to be practical in settings with short inpatient stays.
Within new structures and training programmes a White Paper must also address our failure to ensure that at all levels both genders are given opportunities to reach the top decision-making levels across science and technology.
In order to fill the described gaps in the support system for cannabis using adolescents and young adults, our research group developed a structured, manualized group training programme "CAN Stop", which focuses on this specific target group between age 14 and 21, whose needs so far have not been adequately met by the various support system components.
In South Africa, a national assessment of district management structures, competencies, and training programmes found several shortcomings, including incomplete restructuring initiatives, over-extended staff, sub-optimal implementation of policies, and gaps in management competencies (21).
In support of strengthening national structures for vulnerable children, training programmes were organized by UNICEF for more than 400 professionals working with children in contact with the law.
Since the 90s, in Europe (31, 32), training programmes are increasingly structured around exit competences, in terms of what the graduate should be able to do in order to achieve certain performance standards expected by future employers.
A common recollection of our experiences as researchers is the negative impact that patchy, inadequate training programmes and poor career structures have on young scientists' morale.
